had conceded defeat in their centuries-old battle to contain the corrupting effects of the printing press, [an] explosion in publishing ... ensued. "[62] Conrad thought C.K. Bai Liping, "Similarity and difference in Translation." Hofstadter, in Le Ton beau de Marot, criticized Nabokov's attitude toward verse translation. Due to Western colonialism and cultural dominance in recent centuries, Western translation traditions have largely replaced other traditions. The saying is often attributed to Robert Frost, but as Bellos notes, the attribution is as dubious as the idea itself. A Latin translation of Plato's works was undertaken by Marsilio Ficino. Higgins cited Tertullian, the earliest of the Latin Church Fathers (c. 155–c. The necessity of making choices, and therefore of interpretation, in translating[g] (and in other fields of human endeavor) stems from the ambiguity that subjectively pervades the universe. Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", p. 86.

The translator's role as a bridge for "carrying across" values between cultures has been discussed at least since Terence, the 2nd-century-BCE Roman adapter of Greek comedies. [50] In cases where the source language is the translator's first language, the translation process has been referred to by various terms, including "translating into a non-mother tongue", "translating into a second language", "inverse translation", "reverse translation", "service translation", and "translation from A to B". In The Poem Behind the Poem, Barnstone argues that poetry "can't be made to sing through a mathematics that doesn't factor in the creativity of the translator". 2841 Curtis Street. L.G. As great as Dryden's poem is, however, one is reading Dryden, and not experiencing the Roman poet's concision. In 2015 the Oregon Shakespeare Festival commissioned professional translation of the entire Shakespeare canon, including disputed works such as Edward III,[97] into contemporary vernacular English; in 2019, off-off-Broadway, the canon was premiered in a month-long series of staged readings.[98]. [26], One of the most influential liberal Islamic thinkers of the time was Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905), Egypt's senior judicial authority—its chief mufti—at the turn of the 20th century and an admirer of Darwin who in 1903 visited Darwin's exponent Herbert Spencer at his home in Brighton. For the first time, readers demanded rigor of rendering, as philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words of Plato, Aristotle and Jesus. Link proposes a kind of uncertainty principle that may be applicable not only to translation from the Chinese language, but to all translation: Dilemmas about translation do not have definitive right answers (although there can be unambiguously wrong ones if misreadings of the original are involved). When a target language has lacked terms that are found in a source language, translators have borrowed those terms, thereby enriching the target language. Muslims regard any translation of the Quran as but one possible interpretation of the Quranic (Classical) Arabic text, and not as a full equivalent of that divinely communicated original. Dryden observed that "Translation is a type of drawing after life..." Comparison of the translator with a musician or actor goes back at least to Samuel Johnson's remark about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet, while Homer himself used a bassoon. At the literalist extreme, efforts are made to dissect every conceivable detail about the language of the original Chinese poem. The question of fidelity vs. transparency has also been formulated in terms of, respectively, "formal equivalence" and "dynamic [or functional] equivalence" – expressions associated with the translator Eugene Nida and originally coined to describe ways of translating the Bible; but the two approaches are applicable to any translation. A "back-translation" is a translation of a translated text back into the language of the original text, made without reference to the original text. Notable in Canadian literature specifically as translators are figures such as Sheila Fischman, Robert Dickson, and Linda Gaboriau; and the Canadian Governor General's Awards annually present prizes for the best English-to-French and French-to-English literary translations.

Chinese characters are pronounced in one syllable apiece, so producing such rhythms in Chinese is not hard and the results are unobtrusive; but any imitation in a Western language is almost inevitably stilted and distracting. The municipal website provides the totals alone.

[12] A greater problem, however, is translating terms relating to cultural concepts that have no equivalent in the target language.

In the past, the sheikhs and the government had exercised a monopoly over knowledge. Acker's Postmodern fiction both fragments and preserves the materiality of Catullus’s Latin text in ways that tease out its semantics and syntax without wholly appropriating them, a method that unsettles the notion of any fixed and finished translation. Merwin: "The work of translation is the best teacher you'll ever have.

An exception was the outstanding translation in this period, Edward FitzGerald's Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), which achieved its Oriental flavor largely by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes and actually drew little of its material from the Persian original. This is certainly true of translations of ancient Greek and Roman texts, but it is also true of literary translation in general: it is very difficult.

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